Isotonix® Coenzyme Q10

Primary Benefits of Isotonix® Coenzyme Q10:

·         Promotes cardiovascular health

·         Provides antioxidant protection for the cardiovascular system

·         Helps maintain normal blood pressure

·         Helps maintain heart muscle strength

·         Enhances traditional support of cardiovascular health

·         Promotes healthy cholesterol levels

·         Promotes head comfort

·         Helps maintain healthy blood sugar levels

·         Studies have found CoQ10 deficiencies in overweight people

·         Helps maintain brain health

·         Vital for ATP production and supports muscle endurance

·         Promotes  the immune system

·         Promotes gum health

Key Ingredients Found in Isotonix® Coenzyme Q10:

Coenzyme Q10 (100 mg)
Coenzyme Q10 belongs to a family of substances called ubiquinones and is a water-insoluble, wax-like substance, that is part of the respiratory chain. It is synthesized in the cells, and is involved in electron transport and energy production in mitochondria. In the cellular system, it functions to generate energy from oxygen, in the form of ATP, for bodily processes. CoQ10 also exhibits activity as a free radical scavenger and an antioxidant. The antioxidant activity in the mitochondria and cell membranes protects against peroxidation of lipid membranes. Combining CoQ10 with vitamin E generates a synergistic antioxidant effect on lipoprotein and spares the vitamin E.

Coenzyme Q10 can be found in spinach, broccoli, nuts, meats and fish. In the body, it is found in the highest concentration in the cells of the heart, liver, kidney and pancreas. Supplementation of CoQ10 might be beneficial mostly to adults, because the levels of it in the body tend to peak around the age of twenty, and then decline with age. The affects of supplementation with CoQ10 have shown to be especially helpful in maintaining heart health.

Vitamin E (200 IU)
Since vitamin E is one of the most powerful fat-soluble antioxidants in the body, it helps protect cell membranes from the damage caused by free radicals. High doses of vitamin E have been found support a healthy heart. Vegetable oils, margarine, nuts, seeds, avocados, wheat germ, and safflower oil are all good food sources of vitamin E. Vitamin E is linked to a healthy heart, enhancement of immune system function and topical wound healing.

Lipase (5 mg)
Lipase is a fat-digesting enzyme that is used by the body to break down dietary fats into an absorbable form. It is a water-soluble enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ester bonds in water-insoluble, lipid substrates. Lipase, such as human pancreatic lipase, act to convert triglyceride substrates found in oils from food to monoglycerides and free fatty acids. Lipases are ubiquitous in living organisms, and most are built on an alpha/beta hydrolase fold and employ a chymotrypsin-like hydrolysis mechanism involving a serine nucleophile, an acid residue and a histidine. Some lipases also work within the interior spaces of living cells to degrade lipids.

Vitamin B2 (3 mg)
Vitamin B2, also known as Riboflavin, is a water soluble vitamin that's primary function is as a coenzyme for metabolic processes in the body. It plays a role in red cell formation, nervous system function and as an antioxidant. Another key function of the vitamin is in the production of energy, where it acts as part of the electron transport chain that produces cellular energy. In the mitochondrial electron transport chain, vitamin B2 is an intermediate hydrogen acceptor of foodstuffs, and then passes the electrons onto the cytochrome system, where the cellular energy is produced.

Requirements for vitamin B2 are associated with calorie intake, because with an increase food intake your body also needs an increase of vitamin B2 to carry out the metabolic processes that will convert the food into usable energy. Nutritional inaccuracy is a common cause of vitamin B2 deficiency, which can occur in the elderly. Foods that are rich in the vitamin B2 are organ meats, eggs, milk, cheese, yogurt, leafy, green vegetables, and whole grains. 

Potassium (108 mg)
Potassium, in the body, is classified as an electrolyte and is involved in electrical and cellular functions in the body. It aids in regulating water balance, levels of acidity, and maintenance of blood pressure, transmission of nerve impulses, digestion, muscle contraction and heartbeat. Potassium can be found in foods, which help to maintain the body's internal balance of fluids and chemicals.  Some potassium-enriched foods are fruits, vegetables and legumes, which are all commonly recommended for optimal heart health.

Scientific Studies Which Support Isotonix® Coenzyme Q10:

·         Chello, M, et al.  Protection of coenzyme Q10 from myocardial reperfusion injury during coronary artery bypass grafting.  Annals of Thoracic Surgery 58: 1427-1432, 1994.

·         Chen Y.F., Lin Y.T. and Wu S.C.  Effectiveness of coenzyme Q10 on myocardial preservation during hypothermic cardioplegic arrest.  Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 107: 242-247, 1994.

·         Digiesi, V. et al. Mechanism of action of coenzyme Q10 in essential hypertension.  Current Therapy and Research 51: 668-672, 1992.

·         Firstein, R. The Nutraceutical Revolution. New York, Riverhead Books, 1998.

·         Folkers, K et al. Coenzyme Q10 increases T4/T8 ratios of lymphocytes in ordinary subjects and relevance to patients having the AIDS-related complex.  Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 176: 25.

·         Folkers, K et al. The activities of coenzyme and vitamin B6 for immune responses.  Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 193: 88-92, 1993.

·         Folkers, K. et al.  Biochemical rationale and the cardiac response of patients with muscle disease to therapy with coenzyme Q10.  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 82: 4513, 1985.

·         Folkers, K. et al.  Effect of coenzyme Q10 on serum levels of creatine phosphokinase in preclinical muscular dystrophy.  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 71: 2098, 1974.

·         Frei, B, et al. Ubiquinol-10 is an effective lipid-soluble antioxidant at physiological concentrations.  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 87: 4879-4883, 1990.

·         Greenberg, S. and Frishman, W.H.  Coenzyme Q10: A new drug for cardiovascular disease.  Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 30: 596-608, 1990.

·         Greenburg S. and Frishman W. Coenzyme Q10: A new drug from myocardial ischemia? Medical Clinics of North America 72: 243-58, 1998.

·         Hanaki, Y. et al. Ratio of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol to ubiquinone as a coronary risk factor: New England Journal of Medicine, 325: 814-815, 1991.

·         Kagan, V, et al.  Coenzyme Q: Its role in scavenging and generation of radicals in membranes.  In Handbook of Antioxidants, eds.  Enrique Cadenas and Lester Packer, New York, Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1996, pp. 157-201.

·         Langsjoen, P.H. et al.  Pronounced increase of survival of patients with cardiomyopathy when treated with coenzyme Q10 and conventional therapy.  International Journal of Tissue Reactions 12: 163-168, 1990.

·         Langsjoen, P.H. et al. A six-year clinical study of therapy of cardiomyopathy with coenzyme Q10.  International Journal of Tissue Reactions 12: 169-71, 199.

·         Lansjoen, P.H. et al.  Response of patients in classes III and IV of cardiomyopathy to therapy in a blind crossover trial with coenzyme Q10.  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 82: 4240, 1985.

·         Littarru, G.P. et al.  Clinical aspects of coenzyme Q: Improvement of cellular bioenergetics or antioxidant protection?  In Handbook of Antioxidants, eds. E. Cadenas and L. Packer: New York, Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1996, pp. 203-239.

·         Littarru, G.P. et al. Deficiency of coenzyme Q10 in gingival tissue from patients with periodontal disease. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences USA 68: 2332, 1971.

·         Lockwood, K. et al. Partial and complete regression of breast cancer in patients in relation to dosage of Coenzyme Q10.  Biomedical and Biophysical Research Communications 199: 1504-1508, 1994.

·         Murray, M.T.  Encyclopedia of Natural Medicine, Rocklin, CA, Prima Publishing, 1998.

·         Nakamura, R. et al. Study of Co Q10-enzymes in gingival tissues from patients with periodontal disease and evidence for a deficiency of coenzyme Q10.  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 71: 1456, 1974.
Shi, H. and Noguchi, N.  Dynamics of antioxidant action of ubiquinol: A reappraisal. Biofactors 9: 141-148, 1999.

·         Singh R.B. and Singh M.M. Effects of coenzyme Q10 in new indications with antioxidant vitamin deficiency. Journal of Nutritional and Environmental Medicine 9: 223-228, 1999.

·         Stocker, R. et al. Ubiquinol-10 protects human low-density lipoprotein more efficiently against lipid peroxidation than does alpha-tocopherol. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 88: 1646-1650, 1991.

·         Stryer, L. Biochemistry, 2nd ed. New York, W.H. Freeman and Company, 1981.

·         Sunamori, M. et al. Clinical experience of coenzyme Q10 to enhance intraoperative myocardial protection in coronary artery revascularization. Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy 5: 297-300, 1991.

What Makes Isotonix® Coenzyme Q10 Unique?

Coenzyme Q10 is a nutrient that plays a vital role in health maintenance. It contributes to a healthy cardiovascular system, periodontal health, healthy blood sugar levels, and maintenance of cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. It also helps sustain vitamin E levels in cell membranes, energizing the immune system and helping to maintain a healthy weight. 

A persons heart beats, on average, 100,000 times each day, which adds up to about 36 million times per year. CoQ10 is the vital nutrient that initiates energy production at the cellular level that powers the heart and acts as a powerful antioxidant when combined with vitamin E. Within a cell it serves as a carrier of electrons in the electron transport chain, neutralizes free radicals and helps protect the integrity of the mitochondrial membrane. 

As individuals age, the ability to synthesize coenzyme Q10 begins to decline. Sometimes this is due to poor eating habits or stress, but the main challenge for most people is the ability to choose the right foods containing CoQ10 and other nutrients needed to manufacture CoQ10 within the body. It is a combination of both that provides the body with the best possible amount of CoQ10 for optimal health.

Absorption and efficacy of nutritional supplements are two important features to examine when selecting a nutritional supplement and Isotonix Coenzyme Q10 delivers both. This supplement is in the form of an isotonic fluid, which helps the nutrients to be absorbed into your system more quickly. It is best taken on an empty stomach and when the isotonic fluid enters the body it is delivered to the small intestine nutritionally concentrated. Then, it is naturally absorbed into the blood stream at a rapid pace and little nutritive value is lost. Since the antioxidants are in an isotonic solution, it minimizes the chance that important nutrients will be trapped by fats, fibers and tannins, or inactivated by the highly acidic environment of the stomach. 

Frequently Asked Questions About Isotonix® Coenzyme Q10:

What is Coenzyme Q10?
Coenzyme Q10 is actually a two-part compound that is composed of (1) a long, fat-soluble isoprenoid tail that anchors the molecule in the inner membrane of the mitochondria and (2) a quinone that is capable of accepting and transferring electrons through a portion of the respiratory chain. A coenzyme is a non-protein substance that helps enzymes carry out their metabolic function and is not consumed in the reaction. The "Q" stands for quinone and the "10" stands for the number of isoprenoid units in the tail portion of the molecule. Mammals generally have 10 isoprenoid units in the tail portion, but other non-mammalian species may have fewer units. Coenzyme Q10 is a critical biochemical link in the production of energy in the cell. Coenzyme Q10 is found in the cell membranes of all cells in our body, particularly in the inner mitochondrial membranes, and it is especially concentrated in highly active organs such as the heart, lungs, kidneys, spleen, and adrenal glands.

The mitochondria produce large amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which helps cells perform work. Since the manufacture of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the mitochondria is known to generate many harmful oxygen radicals, coenzyme Q10 serves an antioxidant function in that location by neutralizing radicals. Coenzyme Q10 is also required by a key enzyme in the Kreb's cycle (Citric Acid Cycle), which converts both carbohydrates and fat into usable energy for the cell.

Besides these functions within all cells, coenzyme Q10 also works with vitamin E outside of the cell when both compounds are dissolved in circulating low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles carrying cholesterol. These two fat-soluble antioxidants help to prevent the cholesterol from oxidizing. Oxidized cholesterol is highly toxic to the endothelial cells and the smooth muscle cells that comprise the blood vessels. Oxidized cholesterol can contribute significantly to arterial plaque formation.

What is the source of Coenzyme Q10?
While our livers produce small amounts of coenzyme Q10 and this small amount is distributed to the rest of the body, we get most CoQ10 from foods such as organ meats, muscle meats, fish, peanuts, spinach, soy, and nuts. In the past, it was difficult and very expensive to isolate sufficient amounts of coenzyme Q10 from these food sources for the purpose of dietary supplementation. However, a Japanese company succeeded in synthesizing coenzyme Q10 in 1977, thus making an important nutrient available to the world.

What is a safe and effective serving of supplemental Coenzyme Q10?
A variety of clinical studies has demonstrated that daily intake as low as 30 mg and as high as 300 mg of coenzyme Q10 are safe and can promote a healthier life. The circulating levels of coenzyme Q10 take about 60-90 days to reach steady state, depending on the amount taken. Granular coenzyme Q10, as used in Isotonix, is about equal to the oil-based form in terms of uptake from the small intestine and distribution throughout the body.

Primary Benefits of Isotonix® Coenzyme Q10:

·         Promotes cardiovascular health

·         Provides antioxidant protection for the cardiovascular system

·         Helps maintain normal blood pressure

·         Helps maintain heart muscle strength

·         Enhances traditional support of cardiovascular health

·         Promotes healthy cholesterol levels

·         Promotes head comfort

·         Helps maintain healthy blood sugar levels

·         Studies have found CoQ10 deficiencies in overweight people

·         Helps maintain brain health

·         Vital for ATP production and supports muscle endurance

·         Promotes  the immune system

·         Promotes gum health

Key Ingredients Found in Isotonix® Coenzyme Q10:

Coenzyme Q10 (100 mg)
Coenzyme Q10 belongs to a family of substances called ubiquinones and is a water-insoluble, wax-like substance, that is part of the respiratory chain. It is synthesized in the cells, and is involved in electron transport and energy production in mitochondria. In the cellular system, it functions to generate energy from oxygen, in the form of ATP, for bodily processes. CoQ10 also exhibits activity as a free radical scavenger and an antioxidant. The antioxidant activity in the mitochondria and cell membranes protects against peroxidation of lipid membranes. Combining CoQ10 with vitamin E generates a synergistic antioxidant effect on lipoprotein and spares the vitamin E.

Coenzyme Q10 can be found in spinach, broccoli, nuts, meats and fish. In the body, it is found in the highest concentration in the cells of the heart, liver, kidney and pancreas. Supplementation of CoQ10 might be beneficial mostly to adults, because the levels of it in the body tend to peak around the age of twenty, and then decline with age. The affects of supplementation with CoQ10 have shown to be especially helpful in maintaining heart health.

Vitamin E (200 IU)
Since vitamin E is one of the most powerful fat-soluble antioxidants in the body, it helps protect cell membranes from the damage caused by free radicals. High doses of vitamin E have been found support a healthy heart. Vegetable oils, margarine, nuts, seeds, avocados, wheat germ, and safflower oil are all good food sources of vitamin E. Vitamin E is linked to a healthy heart, enhancement of immune system function and topical wound healing.

Lipase (5 mg)
Lipase is a fat-digesting enzyme that is used by the body to break down dietary fats into an absorbable form. It is a water-soluble enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ester bonds in water-insoluble, lipid substrates. Lipase, such as human pancreatic lipase, act to convert triglyceride substrates found in oils from food to monoglycerides and free fatty acids. Lipases are ubiquitous in living organisms, and most are built on an alpha/beta hydrolase fold and employ a chymotrypsin-like hydrolysis mechanism involving a serine nucleophile, an acid residue and a histidine. Some lipases also work within the interior spaces of living cells to degrade lipids.

Vitamin B2 (3 mg)
Vitamin B2, also known as Riboflavin, is a water soluble vitamin that's primary function is as a coenzyme for metabolic processes in the body. It plays a role in red cell formation, nervous system function and as an antioxidant. Another key function of the vitamin is in the production of energy, where it acts as part of the electron transport chain that produces cellular energy. In the mitochondrial electron transport chain, vitamin B2 is an intermediate hydrogen acceptor of foodstuffs, and then passes the electrons onto the cytochrome system, where the cellular energy is produced.

Requirements for vitamin B2 are associated with calorie intake, because with an increase food intake your body also needs an increase of vitamin B2 to carry out the metabolic processes that will convert the food into usable energy. Nutritional inaccuracy is a common cause of vitamin B2 deficiency, which can occur in the elderly. Foods that are rich in the vitamin B2 are organ meats, eggs, milk, cheese, yogurt, leafy, green vegetables, and whole grains. 

Potassium (108 mg)
Potassium, in the body, is classified as an electrolyte and is involved in electrical and cellular functions in the body. It aids in regulating water balance, levels of acidity, and maintenance of blood pressure, transmission of nerve impulses, digestion, muscle contraction and heartbeat. Potassium can be found in foods, which help to maintain the body's internal balance of fluids and chemicals.  Some potassium-enriched foods are fruits, vegetables and legumes, which are all commonly recommended for optimal heart health.

Scientific Studies Which Support Isotonix® Coenzyme Q10:

·         Chello, M, et al.  Protection of coenzyme Q10 from myocardial reperfusion injury during coronary artery bypass grafting.  Annals of Thoracic Surgery 58: 1427-1432, 1994.

·         Chen Y.F., Lin Y.T. and Wu S.C.  Effectiveness of coenzyme Q10 on myocardial preservation during hypothermic cardioplegic arrest.  Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 107: 242-247, 1994.

·         Digiesi, V. et al. Mechanism of action of coenzyme Q10 in essential hypertension.  Current Therapy and Research 51: 668-672, 1992.

·         Firstein, R. The Nutraceutical Revolution. New York, Riverhead Books, 1998.

·         Folkers, K et al. Coenzyme Q10 increases T4/T8 ratios of lymphocytes in ordinary subjects and relevance to patients having the AIDS-related complex.  Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 176: 25.

·         Folkers, K et al. The activities of coenzyme and vitamin B6 for immune responses.  Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 193: 88-92, 1993.

·         Folkers, K. et al.  Biochemical rationale and the cardiac response of patients with muscle disease to therapy with coenzyme Q10.  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 82: 4513, 1985.

·         Folkers, K. et al.  Effect of coenzyme Q10 on serum levels of creatine phosphokinase in preclinical muscular dystrophy.  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 71: 2098, 1974.

·         Frei, B, et al. Ubiquinol-10 is an effective lipid-soluble antioxidant at physiological concentrations.  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 87: 4879-4883, 1990.

·         Greenberg, S. and Frishman, W.H.  Coenzyme Q10: A new drug for cardiovascular disease.  Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 30: 596-608, 1990.

·         Greenburg S. and Frishman W. Coenzyme Q10: A new drug from myocardial ischemia? Medical Clinics of North America 72: 243-58, 1998.

·         Hanaki, Y. et al. Ratio of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol to ubiquinone as a coronary risk factor: New England Journal of Medicine, 325: 814-815, 1991.

·         Kagan, V, et al.  Coenzyme Q: Its role in scavenging and generation of radicals in membranes.  In Handbook of Antioxidants, eds.  Enrique Cadenas and Lester Packer, New York, Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1996, pp. 157-201.

·         Langsjoen, P.H. et al.  Pronounced increase of survival of patients with cardiomyopathy when treated with coenzyme Q10 and conventional therapy.  International Journal of Tissue Reactions 12: 163-168, 1990.

·         Langsjoen, P.H. et al. A six-year clinical study of therapy of cardiomyopathy with coenzyme Q10.  International Journal of Tissue Reactions 12: 169-71, 199.

·         Lansjoen, P.H. et al.  Response of patients in classes III and IV of cardiomyopathy to therapy in a blind crossover trial with coenzyme Q10.  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 82: 4240, 1985.

·         Littarru, G.P. et al.  Clinical aspects of coenzyme Q: Improvement of cellular bioenergetics or antioxidant protection?  In Handbook of Antioxidants, eds. E. Cadenas and L. Packer: New York, Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1996, pp. 203-239.

·         Littarru, G.P. et al. Deficiency of coenzyme Q10 in gingival tissue from patients with periodontal disease. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences USA 68: 2332, 1971.

·         Lockwood, K. et al. Partial and complete regression of breast cancer in patients in relation to dosage of Coenzyme Q10.  Biomedical and Biophysical Research Communications 199: 1504-1508, 1994.

·         Murray, M.T.  Encyclopedia of Natural Medicine, Rocklin, CA, Prima Publishing, 1998.

·         Nakamura, R. et al. Study of Co Q10-enzymes in gingival tissues from patients with periodontal disease and evidence for a deficiency of coenzyme Q10.  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 71: 1456, 1974.
Shi, H. and Noguchi, N.  Dynamics of antioxidant action of ubiquinol: A reappraisal. Biofactors 9: 141-148, 1999.

·         Singh R.B. and Singh M.M. Effects of coenzyme Q10 in new indications with antioxidant vitamin deficiency. Journal of Nutritional and Environmental Medicine 9: 223-228, 1999.

·         Stocker, R. et al. Ubiquinol-10 protects human low-density lipoprotein more efficiently against lipid peroxidation than does alpha-tocopherol. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 88: 1646-1650, 1991.

·         Stryer, L. Biochemistry, 2nd ed. New York, W.H. Freeman and Company, 1981.

·         Sunamori, M. et al. Clinical experience of coenzyme Q10 to enhance intraoperative myocardial protection in coronary artery revascularization. Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy 5: 297-300, 1991.

What Makes Isotonix® Coenzyme Q10 Unique?

Coenzyme Q10 is a nutrient that plays a vital role in health maintenance. It contributes to a healthy cardiovascular system, periodontal health, healthy blood sugar levels, and maintenance of cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. It also helps sustain vitamin E levels in cell membranes, energizing the immune system and helping to maintain a healthy weight. 

A persons heart beats, on average, 100,000 times each day, which adds up to about 36 million times per year. CoQ10 is the vital nutrient that initiates energy production at the cellular level that powers the heart and acts as a powerful antioxidant when combined with vitamin E. Within a cell it serves as a carrier of electrons in the electron transport chain, neutralizes free radicals and helps protect the integrity of the mitochondrial membrane. 

As individuals age, the ability to synthesize coenzyme Q10 begins to decline. Sometimes this is due to poor eating habits or stress, but the main challenge for most people is the ability to choose the right foods containing CoQ10 and other nutrients needed to manufacture CoQ10 within the body. It is a combination of both that provides the body with the best possible amount of CoQ10 for optimal health.

Absorption and efficacy of nutritional supplements are two important features to examine when selecting a nutritional supplement and Isotonix Coenzyme Q10 delivers both. This supplement is in the form of an isotonic fluid, which helps the nutrients to be absorbed into your system more quickly. It is best taken on an empty stomach and when the isotonic fluid enters the body it is delivered to the small intestine nutritionally concentrated. Then, it is naturally absorbed into the blood stream at a rapid pace and little nutritive value is lost. Since the antioxidants are in an isotonic solution, it minimizes the chance that important nutrients will be trapped by fats, fibers and tannins, or inactivated by the highly acidic environment of the stomach. 

Frequently Asked Questions About Isotonix® Coenzyme Q10:

What is Coenzyme Q10?
Coenzyme Q10 is actually a two-part compound that is composed of (1) a long, fat-soluble isoprenoid tail that anchors the molecule in the inner membrane of the mitochondria and (2) a quinone that is capable of accepting and transferring electrons through a portion of the respiratory chain. A coenzyme is a non-protein substance that helps enzymes carry out their metabolic function and is not consumed in the reaction. The "Q" stands for quinone and the "10" stands for the number of isoprenoid units in the tail portion of the molecule. Mammals generally have 10 isoprenoid units in the tail portion, but other non-mammalian species may have fewer units. Coenzyme Q10 is a critical biochemical link in the production of energy in the cell. Coenzyme Q10 is found in the cell membranes of all cells in our body, particularly in the inner mitochondrial membranes, and it is especially concentrated in highly active organs such as the heart, lungs, kidneys, spleen, and adrenal glands.

The mitochondria produce large amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which helps cells perform work. Since the manufacture of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the mitochondria is known to generate many harmful oxygen radicals, coenzyme Q10 serves an antioxidant function in that location by neutralizing radicals. Coenzyme Q10 is also required by a key enzyme in the Kreb's cycle (Citric Acid Cycle), which converts both carbohydrates and fat into usable energy for the cell.

Besides these functions within all cells, coenzyme Q10 also works with vitamin E outside of the cell when both compounds are dissolved in circulating low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles carrying cholesterol. These two fat-soluble antioxidants help to prevent the cholesterol from oxidizing. Oxidized cholesterol is highly toxic to the endothelial cells and the smooth muscle cells that comprise the blood vessels. Oxidized cholesterol can contribute significantly to arterial plaque formation.

What is the source of Coenzyme Q10?
While our livers produce small amounts of coenzyme Q10 and this small amount is distributed to the rest of the body, we get most CoQ10 from foods such as organ meats, muscle meats, fish, peanuts, spinach, soy, and nuts. In the past, it was difficult and very expensive to isolate sufficient amounts of coenzyme Q10 from these food sources for the purpose of dietary supplementation. However, a Japanese company succeeded in synthesizing coenzyme Q10 in 1977, thus making an important nutrient available to the world.

What is a safe and effective serving of supplemental Coenzyme Q10?
A variety of clinical studies has demonstrated that daily intake as low as 30 mg and as high as 300 mg of coenzyme Q10 are safe and can promote a healthier life. The circulating levels of coenzyme Q10 take about 60-90 days to reach steady state, depending on the amount taken. Granular coenzyme Q10, as used in Isotonix, is about equal to the oil-based form in terms of uptake from the small intestine and distribution throughout the body.